Short BOOPSI Overview

Grzegorz Kraszewski

Object Oriented Programming

The object oriented programming is a technique developed as a response for two trends in the computer market. The first one was increasing complexity of software. Management of a traditionally written code becomes harder when the code size increases. The second trend was increasing popularity of graphical user interfaces, which meant the end of the sequential execution of programs. Instead modern programs are event driven, it means the flow of code is determined by external events (like an user input) and is not known at a time of writing the program. Object oriented programming divides a program into a set of objects interacting with each other using well defined interfaces. Such a modularization simplifies the management of project and also fits naturally the concept of modern graphical user interfaces. User controls (called "gadgets" in MUI) are just objects in the code and interact with objects representing user data.

This short introduction is not intended to be a complete lecture on object oriented programming. On the other hand no knowledge of any particular object oriented programming language is required to get familiar with BOOPSI. Usually the support for OOP techniques comes with a programming language, which is either designed for OOP (like C++, C# or Java) or has OOP support added in more or less logical way (Objective C, PHP). This is not the case for BOOPSI and MUI however. In this case object oriented programming support comes from the operating system. BOOPSI and MUI can be used with any programming language, including traditional ones, for example C and even assembler.

The BOOPSI module is located in the intuition.library, with some important functions being added from a statically linked libabox. It's primary design goal was to build a framework for wrapping Intuition GUI elements in an object oriented interface. This approach was unfortunately not flexible enough, so MUI uses only basic BOOPSI framework. This framework provides the four basic concepts of the object oriented programming: classes, objects, methods and attributes. It also supports class inheritance. Because of it's simplicity, BOOPSI is easy to understand and use, especially when compared to sophisticated frameworks, like the one in the C++ programming language.

Methods and Attributes

Methods

Methods are just actions, which can be performed on an object. A set of available methods is defined by the object's class. Technically speaking, a method is a function called with an object as its parameter and changing the object's state. In BOOPSI, methods are called using DoMethod() call from libabox:

result = DoMethod(object, method_id, ... /* method parameters */);
result = DoMethodA(object, method_struct);

The first, more popular form of the call just builds the method structure on the fly, from arguments passed. Any method structure has always the method identifier as the first field. DoMethodA() call gets a pointer to the method structure, the structure is built by the application. This second form is rarely used. The number and meaning of parameters, as well as the meaning of the result are method specific. Comparision of executing a method with both forms of the call is given below:

struct MUIP_SomeMethod
{
  ULONG MethodID;
  LONG ParameterA;
  LONG ParameterB;
};

DoMethod(object, MUIM_SomeMethod, 3, 7);

struct MUIP_SomeMethod mparams = { MUIM_SomeMethod, 3, 7 };
DoMethodA(object, &mparams);

The DoMethod() form is more convenient, so it is commonly used. MUI uses specific prefixes for all its structures and constants:

• MUIM_ for method identifiers.
• MUIP_ for method parameter structures.
• MUIA_ for attribute identifiers.
• MUIV_ for special, predefined attribute values.

The C types used in the method structure above may need some explanation. LONG is a 32-bit signed integer, ULONG is an unsigned one. Because the structure is usually built on the processor stack, all parameters are extended and aligned to 32 bits. Then every parameter in the structure must be defined either as a 32-bit integer or a pointer. Any parameter larger than 32 bits must be passed via pointer (for example double precision floats or strings).

Object's attributes represent its properties. They are set and get using special methods, OM_SET() and OM_GET() respectively. It differs from the most of object oriented programming languages, where attributes (being implemented as object's fields) are accessed directly. Manipulating attributes in BOOPSI is slower then, as it implies performing a method.

Setting an Attribute

The OM_SET() method does not take a single attribute and its value, but a taglist of them, so one can set multiple attributes at once. Setting of two attributes to an object may be done as follows:

struct TagItem attributes[] = {
  { MUIA_SomeAttr1, 756 },
  { MUIA_SomeAttr2, 926 },
  { TAG_END, 0 }
};

DoMethod(object, OM_SET, (ULONG)attributes);

It is cumbersome and the code is not easily readable. The intuition.library makes it easier providing SetAttrsA() function, which is a wrapper for OM_SET() method. Using this function and the array defined above, one can write:

SetAttrsA(object, attributes);

It still requires definition of a temporary taglist, but the function has its variadic form SetAttrs(), which allows for building the taglist on-the-fly:

SetAttrs(object,
  MUIA_SomeAttr1, 756,
  MUIA_SomeAttr2, 926,
TAG_END);

This is not all however. Programmers are lazy and decided that in the common case of setting a single attribute, SetAttrs() is still too much typing. A common practice found in sources using MUI was to define an xset() or set() macro, which is now defined in the system headers, in the <libraries/mui/h> file.

#define set(object, attribute, value) SetAttrs(object, attribute, value, TAG_END)

Then, setting a single attribute can be coded as follows:

set(object, MUIA_SomeAttr1, 756);

The OM_SET() method returns a number of attributes applied to the object. If some attributes are not known to the object's class (and superclasses), they are not counted. This return value is usually ignored, it may be used for testing an attribute applicability.

Getting an Attribute

The OM_GET() method gets a single attribute from an object. There is no multiple attributes getting method. Its first, obvious parameter is the attribute identifier. The attribute value is not returned as the result of the method however. Instead the second parameter is a pointer to memory area, where the value is to be stored. This allows for passing attributes larger than 32 bits, they are just copied to the pointed memory area. This only works for fixed size attributes. Text strings cannot be passed this way, so they are passed as pointers (pointer to the string is stored at a place in memory pointed by the second parameter of OM_GET()). The three examples below demonstrate all the three cases:

LONG value1;
QUAD value 2;    /* 64-bit signed integer */
STRPTR *value3;

DoMethod(object, OM_GET, MUIA_Attribute1, (ULONG)&value1);  /* integer attr */
DoMethod(object, OM_GET, MUIA_Attribute2, (ULONG)&value2);  /* fixed size big attr */
DoMethod(object, OM_GET, MUIA_Attribute3, (ULONG)&value3);  /* string attr */

In a case when an attribute is returned by pointer, pointed data should be treated as read-only unless documented otherwise.

Similarly as for OM_SET(), there is a wrapper function for OM_GET() in the intuition.library, named GetAttr(). This function unexpectedly changes the order of arguments: attribute identifier is the first, object pointer is the second. The three above examples may be written with GetAttr() as follows:

GetAttr(MUIA_Attribute1, object, &value1);
GetAttr(MUIA_Attribute2, object, (ULONG*)&value2);
GetAttr(MUIA_Attribute3, object, (ULONG*)&value3);

The third parameter, a storage pointer is prototyped as pointer to ULONG, so in the first example type casting is not needed.

The <libraries/mui.h> system header file defines a macro get(), which reverses order of the two first arguments of GetAttr() and adds the typecasting to ULONG*. Order of arguments of get() is the same as for set(), which helps to avoid mistakes. The third line of the above example may be rewritten with get() this way:

get(object, MUIA_Attribute3, &value3);

The most often used attributes are integers (32-bit or shorter) and strings. Both of them fit into a 32-bit variable, as strings have to be passed via pointers. Taking this into account, MUI programmers invented a function (sometimes defined as a macro), which just returns the attribute value instead of storing it at a specified address. The function is named xget() and works as shown below:

value1 = xget(object, MUIA_Attribute1);
/* MUIA_Attribute2 can't be retrieved with xget() */
value3 = (STRPTR)xget(object, MUIA_Attribute3);

The xget() function may be defined in the following way:

inline ULONG xget(Object *obj, ULONG attribute)
{
  ULONG value;

  GetAttr(attribute, object, &value);
  return value;
}

The function is very simple and is compiled to a few processor instructions. That is why it is declared as inline, which makes the compiler to insert the function's code in-place instead of generating a jump. It makes the code faster, albeit bigger a bit. Except of working only with 32-bit attributes, xget() has a disadvantage of loosing the OM_GET() return value. The value is boolean and is TRUE if the object's class (or any of superclasses) recognizes the attribute, FALSE otherwise. This value is usually ignored, but may be useful for scanning objects for supported attributes.

The xget() function is not defined in the system headers. It has been described here because of its common use in MUI applications. Its counterparts for bigger sized arguments may be defined if needed.