Fundamentals of MorphOS

Author: Dave Crawford

This document describes basic terms and usage of the MorphOS and the Ambient desktop, consisting of the following topics:

• Common Terms
• Requesters
• Menus
• Screens
• Windows
• Icons
• Gadgets
• Notes

Common Terms

Action Key - The action keys may be referred to as command keys by some documents and as the Amiga key by older applications. The action button can be identified based on the make and model of a given keyboard, such as the Windows logo or the Apple emblem. Also, if a keyboard only has one action key, it is usually mapped to the Left Action key.

Control Key - A key located on the keyboard to the left of the space bar that is usually labeled with the text Ctrl .

Alternate Key - A key located on the keyboard between the control key and keyboard, usually labeled Alt, and it is often referred to as the Alt key.

Preferences - A term often used to indicate Ambient, MUI, or MorphOS options that affect system behavior; when used generally this term can refer to any of the following: Ambient Preferences program, MorphOS System Preferences program, or a specific application's preferences program or preferences window. Often, users and developers alike will use the term Preferences to refer to any related program settings within a discussion.

MUI - An anachronism referring to an integral part of the MorphOS operating system called Magic User Interface. As the name indicates, MUI controls much of the User Interface within MorphOS and the applications that run under MorphOS.

Snapshot - A term used to describe the saving of the desktop information regarding a window or icon. This allows the user to dictate where an application window will appear, the location of icons on the Ambient Desktop, etc.

Requesters

A window that appears on-screen prompting a user response is called a requester. These windows usually contain text explaining what the request is for and what the user must do to continue an operation.

Action Requesters

A specific type of requester that asks the user about proceeding with an action in process. These windows have buttons labeled usually with two or more of the following: Ok, Continue, Retry, Cancel, or Fail, but may contain more specific buttons, depending on action to be taken. Underlined letters on the requester buttons indicate keyboard shortcuts that can be used instead of using the mouse. The example on the right shows a system shutdown requester, which is an action one.

Message Requesters

These requesters alert the user about something that has occurred in a program or within the system itself, and require only an acknowledgment by clicking on a button.

Text Requesters

The user is required to provide information through the keyboard into a box within the window.

Font Requesters

Displays a list of fonts available to the system, and is used to change fonts in applications or documents within an application. A preview of the font is given, as well as options for bold, underline, and italic.

Screen Mode Requesters

Similar to the Screen Mode Preferences Editor found in MUI Preferences.

File Requesters

Used specifically to identify a file, usually for opening or saving a document, this requester usually contains a list of files and drawers.

This requester has several gadgets and a list of files and directories. The user may also type in a path and filename in the provided text field. Usually, however, most users will simply scan through a list, dragging the scroll bar as necessary (scroll arrows are provided as well) to locate a given file. There are several extra gadgets used with this requester.

/ (slash gadget, or parent)

This gadget indicates the current directory's parent directory. If the list currently displays the root of a given device, using this gadget will act the same as the Volumes gadget.

< (Back)

During the process of browsing through directories, the back gadget can be used to re-list the last directory viewed in the file requester.

> (Forward)

Similar to the back gadget, the forward gadget browses through directories in the file requester history.

 : (Volumes)

When used, the volume gadget will display a list of devices available to MorphOS. This includes USB devices, assigns, and hard drive partitions. When clicking on a device or a drawer, it's contents are then displayed. Information about the files and directories are also displayed within the lister.

Ok

Will load or save the selected file. This result can also be achieved by pressing the return key. Double-clicking on the file-name will open a file, but is inactive for saving. The Ok button may be labeled Ok, Save, Load, or something else based upon a given application.

Cancel

Terminates the action and removes the requester from the screen.

File Pattern or Pattern

An optional text input gadget, usually labeled Pattern, allows the use of MorphOS Shell pattern matching to filter the list of files. The text in this gadget is often called a pattern statement.

MorphOS File Requester Context Menu

Right clicking on a file within a file-requester will bring provide the following options:

Rename

Changes the filename of the selected file in the file requester. A requester appears to confirm the renaming of the file.

Delete

Permanently deletes a file. A requester requires confirmation of file deletion.

New Drawer

Creates a new directory within the current directory.

View

Displays the content of a file based on user set preferences through Ambient's file-types.

Ambient

Utilizes Multiview to display a file asynchronously to the application opening the file requester.

Parent

Same as clicking the Parent gadget.

Volumes

Same as clicking the Volumes gadget.

Directory History

Opens a sub-menu with a list of directories previously browsed through via the file requester.

A file may also be chosen by dragging it's icon into the file requester window. When this method is used, the contents of the containing directory of the file chosen will also be displayed in the file requester.

Menus

Menus provide access to many different functions and settings from a pull-down list that is usually available in MorphOS through the pressing of the right mouse button. When a window is highlighted or selected the menu, unless the MUI preferences have been changed or a Context Menu is available, is located at the top of the screen. Often, the functions of the Top Menu can also be found on the Context Menu available when an icon is selected on screen.

Menu Operation

It should first be noted that menu behavior can be greatly altered through the use of various settings from within MorphOS itself; such as using MUI preferences. These settings, and their changes, will be described in another document. It should also be noted that individual menu entries will vary depending upon the application used.

Top Menu

The top menu is the menu that is available from the top of the screen. This menu usually includes the main functions and settings in an application. For example, Ambient will allow copy and paste from the top menu.

Context Menu

The context menu is a menu that is available from an item in a list, an icon, or other on-screen object. Context menus usually contain functionality that is specific to the item selected, though this is not always the case. For example, a context menu used in a file requester can be used to create a new directory even if a file is selected in that list.

Screens

The display seen by the user is the active screen, and other screens, if open, appear through the use of cycling screens. A screen, by definition, is a monitor display mode and it's parameters. An open screen is not necessarily visible, as another screen may be in front of a given screen. Screens may best be thought of as virtual desktops with specific usages. For example, a MUI screen of a given resolution may be opened with a web-browser, such as Sputnik.

Working with Screens

Screens may be created through Ambient's Preferences program.

Usage of MUI Preferences will allow for the association of applications to specific screens.

MUI preferences also allow for program specific screens to be user named.

The front-most screen is often referred to as the Active Screen.

Using Left Action + N will always bring the Ambient desktop to the front.

Open screens can be cycled by utilizing the keyboard shortcut Left Action + M .

Screens may also be cycled by using the back gadget found on the top-left of the title bar.

Windows

By definition, a window is an area of display that presents information, objects, or other contents for user interaction. In Ambient, windows can display the contents of a device or directory through a classic icon view or by using a lister.

Opening a Window

Many applications will create their own window upon activation. Simply double clicking on a program's icon will open it's window, and, depending upon the application, it may open it's own screen. Also, double clicking a device or directory icon will open a window displaying the contents of that device or directory.

Using Windows

Several windows may be open on any given screen, but only the active window can accept input from the user. This is important when considering the use of keyboard shortcuts. The active, or selected window, will have a different border color than the other windows on the screen. Windows may also appear to layer one over another, as several windows may be opened on any given screen. Depth (which window is in front, back, or middle of a stack of windows) can be manipulated by using the depth gadget, or by double clicking a window.*

Activating a Window

Clicking on a window, inside or on the border, will activate, or select, that window. The reverse is also true, by clicking outside of a window it will be deactivated. Only one window can be active at a time.

Moving Windows

When there are several windows open on a screen, such as on the Ambient screen, they may need to be rearranged. Using the pointer, click and hold down the left mouse button over the title bar of a window. Then, while holding down the mouse button, the window can be moved. By default, to partially move a window off of the visible area of the screen, the keyboard's Control key, labeled Ctrl , must be held down while moving the window. Clicking on the portion of a window visible on screen will instantly move it back into the field of view.*

AppWindow

An AppWindow allows files to be opened via the drag and drop method using icons. For example, an open Multiview window can load, and display, a file when it is dragged into the window.

Icons

Ambient uses graphical images to represent commands, programs, files, or other objects on screen. Some default icons are as follows:

• A partition's icon will appear as an image of a hard drive.
• USB based storage devices will also, by default, appear as an image of a hard drive.
• A directory icon may be a folder or a drawer.
• A tool icon will represent a program.
• Project icons will often open the application that created the file along with the file itself.
• MyMorphOS is a special icon that displays all connected devices and assigns used by a particular MorphOS system.

Selecting an Icon

An icon is selected, or highlighted, when the pointer is over an icon and the left mouse button is pressed once. To deselect an icon, or group of icons, press the left mouse button when the pointer has been moved to another part of the screen.

Picking up an Icon

An icon is picked up when the mouse is pointed at an icon and the left mouse button is pressed and held. A ghosted image of the icon will appear connected to the pointer.

Multiple Selection

More than one icon may be picked up at a time. This can be achieved by holding down the shift key, and single clicking on individual icons. Another method is to click on the Ambient background nearest to the first icon to be selected then dragging the box outline over the desired icons. If one is to utilize the following drag and drop method for a multiple selection, ensure that the shift key is pressed and hold the left mouse button down when selecting the final icon.

Drag and Drop

Dragging an icon will result in different affects based upon the source and target of the icon in question. When dragging an icon from one directory to another on the same device, the associated file will be moved.* However, when using the drag and drop method across different devices, the associated file will be copied.* To copy a file to another directory on the same device, use the copy and paste menu options from the top menu or context menu. The same rule applies to dragging, and dropping, multiple icons. Be aware that the target when dropping icons in this manner is the location under the pointer when releasing the left mouse button.

AppIcons

Similar to an AppWindow, an AppIcon is a special icon that is created by an activating program. The functionality of any given AppIcon should be documented by the program that created it. When an application utilizes an AppIcon, the user is advised to refer to that application's documentation.

The most common use of the AppIcon is through an application that has been iconified. This is a special state of an application in which it is active but has no open windows, and may be thought of as hiding an application's windows. Double clicking an iconified application will restore all of it's windows to their previous sizes and locations. The second most common version of these special icons, are similar to an AppWindow, in which they usually, though not always, open the file dropped onto it in the associated program.

Icon Tool Types

An icon will often have a Tool Type associated with it's information window, accessible via the context menu item information when the icon is highlighted. Tool Types are used to signify different options and parameters to a program in regards to how it operates, or, in the case of a project, how it should be opened. The user can activate, deactivate, or apply parameters via the Tool Types.

Most icons will have all of their available Tool Types listed, but with many deactive. A deactivated Tool Type appears inside of parentheses () . It is suggested that unwanted Tool Types to be deactivated rather than deleted in case that Tool Type is again desired. If a Tool Type is no longer applicable, or is in error, the Tool Type can be deleted by selecting the line with the text of the Tool Type and pressing the DEL button at the bottom of the information window.

A Tool Type may be added by clicking the New button at the bottom of the information window. This will highlight the next available line in the Tool Types window. This action will make activate the text gadget next to the two buttons active for editing.

A Tool Type may be edited by selecting the line of the Tool Type to be edited. This will show the text in the text gadget next to the New button where it may be edited. Use the enter key to confirm any changes. Any changes must then be saved by using the Save button at the bottom right of the information window. Pressing the Cancel button will close the window disregarding any changes made.

Most Tool Types follow the form:

ParameterName=ParamterValue

Note, that there are no spaces between the equal sign and the Tool Type name and value.

Other Tool Types may follow the form:

ParamerNamedFunction

In this instance, the parameter is a single named option, an example of which is the common Tool Type DoNotWait . Note that while Tool Types are not sensitive to case, words are often capitalized for user readability.

Gadgets

Gadgets are small images that appear on windows and screens that allow user action. Should a gadget be clicked upon in error, the user can move the mouse off of the gadget before releasing the button.

Screen Depth Gadget

Screens only have a single gadget, the depth gadget. This gadget when pressed will cycle the current screen behind other screens. If no other screens are present, then this action does nothing.

Default Window Gadgets

Most windows will have the default window gadgets available; however, some applications may prevent the default windows gadgets from appearing. Please consult any programs documentation for further information. The default window gadgets are as follows:

• The Close Gadget - Closes a window, and when applicable the program associated with it.

• The Depth Gadget - Toggles the depth of a window from a group of windows.

• The Zoom Gadget - Instantly switches between window sizes and positions.

• The Sizing Gadget - Using the drag method, allows changing the size of a window.

• Scroll Gadgets - Moves the visible area inside of a window up/down or left/right.

MUI Gadgets and More

MUI provides a number of additional gadgets that may or may not be used. The appearance of some MUI gadgets are wholly dependent on the MUI preferences. Keep in mind that if a given application has not had it's own MUI preferences set that the application's behavior will fall back to those preferences set in MUI's global preferences.

• Cycle Gadget - This gadget cycles through a list of entries, options, or functions. Using the left mouse button, click on the gadget to cycle forward through the list. The same process, but, while holding the shift key, will result in cycling backwards through the list. Holding the mouse button down will result in a drop down list allowing the selection of an item through the highlight-then-release method.

• Radio Button - Usually displayed in a list, a radio button allows selecting one of several options. When selected the button will appear recessed, and unselected will appear raised.

• Text Gadget - Used for entering text, this gadget is rectangular in shape and when highlighted will have a blinking cursor inside of it. Standard text operations apply within a text gadget. For example: Shift+Backspace will delete all characters to the left of the cursor

• Scrolling List - A list of items, options, of functions that can be single, or multi, selected.

• Sliders - Allows for the selection of a value through a click-and-drag motion; thus, the action will drag a bar through a range of values, displaying that value next to the slider bar.

• Iconfy Gadget - Hides all windows of an application, usually resulting in an AppIcon appearing on the Ambient screen.*

• Popup Gadget - Produces a drop down menu that contains available actions for that window. This consists of the other MUI window actions (Iconify, Snapshot, etc).

• Settings Gadget - This window button gadget opens the MUI preferences program for the windows application.

• Snapshot Gadget - A window border gadget used by MUI applications that snapshots the size and screen location of the application window for use when the application is restarted.

• Jump Gadget - A unique gadget that will send the MUI application window to the next available public screen. This, for example, will allow on to move an IRC chat window from the Ambient screen to their web-browser's screen.

Notes

The asteric (*) as used in this manual indicates where a default function of Ambient, MorphOS, or MUI is described in it's default setting. Due to MorphOS's high level of user customization options, many user interface actions can be changed.

For example: When moving windows, the opposite effect of moving windows off screen can be applied through System Preferences under IControl. This means that when moving windows they will be able to be moved off screen unless the Control Key is held down during window movement.

The above example shows how even the most basic of user interface actions can be manipulated. Once familiar with MorphOS and it's basic functionality, it is useful to change settings to fit the individual's own personal tastes.